14. 동명사(Gerund)
14. 동명사(Gerund)
Ⅰ. 동명사의 용법
1. 동명사의 형태
1) 1음절어로 단모음 + 단자음으로 끝날 때 : 끝의 자음을 한 번 더 쓰고 ing.
∙swim → swimming
∙run → running
2) 2음절어로서 강세가 뒤에 있을 때 : 끝의 자음을 한 번 더 쓰고 ing.
∙prefer → preferring
3) 발음되지 않는 -e로 끝나는 단어 : -e를 빼고 ing를 붙인다.
∙come → coming
∙dance → dancing
∙smoke → smoking
∙decide → deciding
⋆예외 : be → being
see → seeing
dye [dai] → dyeing (염색하다)
4) -ie로 끝나는 단어 : ie를 y로 고친 후 ing
∙lie → lying
∙die → dying
5) -c로 끝나는 단어가 [k]로 발음될 경우→k를 쓴 뒤에 ing
∙mimic → mimicking
∙picnic → picnicking
2. 동명사의 기능 : 동사적 의미 + 명사적 역할
1) 주어 자리
∙Making much money is not the end and aim of life.
∙It is very pleasant walking in the country. (진주어)
∙Swimming is a good sports.
∙Walking early in the morning is my favorite recreation.
2) 명사보어 자리 (주어 = 명사보어)
∙His hobby is collecting stamps. (동명사)
∙He is collecting stamps. (현재분사)
∙Seeing is believing.
∙It is throwing your money away.
(그것은 돈을 버리는 일이다. 즉, 쓸데없는 낭비다.)
3) 목적어 자리
① 타동사의 목적어
∙I don't like playing baseball.
∙I found it unpleasant walking in the rain. (진목적어)
∙He stopped reading, and began strolling about the garden.
② 전치사의 목적어
∙Thank you for your answering so promptly.
⋆동사 answering은 전치사 for의 목적어이며(명사적 성질), 그리고 so promptly에 의해
수식(동사적 성질)되고 있다. 또 your가 동명사 앞에 왔다.
∙They are fond of swimming in the river.
∙He is above telling me a lie. (그는 나에게 거짓말 할 사람이 아니다.)
∙He warned me against trusting her.
∙Besides being useless it is troublesome.
∙His success was won by hard working.
∙He is engaged in collecting stamps.
∙Do you object to my talking to her?
∙His speech did much towards conciliating the opposition.
∙I am tired with working.
3. 동명사와 현재분사의 구별
1) 동명사는 명사의 역할을 하며, 현재분사는 형용사의 역할을 한다.
⋆명사(동명사) + 명사 : 동명사에 강세가 온다.
⋆형용사(현재분사) + 명사 : 뒤에 있는 명사에 강세가 온다.
∙a sleeping car = a car for sleeping (침대차) : 동명사
∙a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping : 현재분사
⋆동명사로 쓰이면 ������목적������이나 ������용도������로 쓰여 「~하기 위하여」
현재분사는 ������상태������나 ������동작������으로 「~하고 있는 ····」
동 명 사 | 현 재 분 사 |
a sleeping car : 침대차 | a sleeping child : 잠자는 아이 |
a dancing room : 무도실 | a dancing girl : 춤추는 소녀 |
boxing gloves : 권투 장갑 | a boxing man : 권투하는 사람 |
a burning glass : 화경 | a burning mountain : 불타는 산 |
a waiting room : 대합실 | a waiting lady : 기다리고 있는 부인 |
a knitting needle :뜨게 바늘 | knitting mother : 뜨게질하는 어머니 |
AN STYLE
4. 동명사와 부정사
⋆동사의 특성에 따라 어떤 동사는 동명사만을, 어떤 동사는 부정사만을 목적어로 취하거나,
부정사와 동명사 모두를 목적어로 취하거나, 의미가 달라지는 경우가 있다.
1) 동명사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사 :
mind, enjoy, give up, avoid, stop, finish, escape, admit, consider, deny, postpone,
complete, evade, reject, miss, resist, repent, practice, go on, keep on, put off,
have done, risk 등
∙I finished writing my composition.
2) 부정사만을 목적어로 취하는 동사 :
wish, hope, care, choose, expect, refuse, decide, mean, plan, desire, determine, agree,
learn, seek, promise, manage 등
∙I hope to see you again.
3) 동명사와 부정사를 둘 다 목적으로 취하는 동사 :
begin, continue, delay, cease, try, neglect, omit, hate, detest, like, prefer, mean,
propose, recollect 등
4) 동명사가 오는 경우와 부정사가 오는 경우, 의미가 달라지는 동사 :
① remember, forget + 동명사 : 과거의 일.
remember, forget + 부정사 : 미래의 일.
∙I remember to see him. = I remember that I will see him in the future.
I remember seeing him. = I remember that I have seen him before.
∙I forget posting the letter. (나는 편지 부쳤던 일을 잊고 있다.)
Don't forget to post the letter. (편지 부칠 것을 잊지 마세요.)
② stop + 동명사 : ~하는 것을 그만두다.
stop + 부정사 : ~하기 위해 가던 길(하던 일)을 멈추다.
∙I stopped smoking.
I stopped to smoke.
③ try + 동명사 : 시험삼아 ~해보다.
try + 부정사 : ~하려고 시도(노력)하다.
∙He tried moving the piano. (그는 시험삼아 피아노를 옮겼다; 옮김)
He tried to move the piano. (그는 피아노를 옮기려고 시도했다; 옮기지 않음)
④ go on + 동명사 : 계속해서 ~하다.
go on + 부정사 : 쉬었다가 다시 계속하다.
∙He went on talking about his accident.
(그는 줄곧 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)
∙He went on to talk about his accident.
(그는 잠시 쉬었다가 그의 사고에 대해 이야기를 했다.)
⑤ like + 동명사 : ∼를 좋아하다.
like + 부정사 : ∼하고 싶다.
∙I don't like smoking.
I don't like to smoke here.
∙I like swimming, but I don't like to swim here now.
⑥ want, need, require + 동명사 : 수동의 뜻
want, need, require + 부정사 : 능동의 뜻
∙This watch wants mending.
∙I want to take her out.
∙That needs no accounting for. (수동의 뜻)
∙You don't need to account for that. (능동의 뜻)
5. 동명사의 의미상의 주어
1) 문장의 주어가 의미상의 주어가 되는 경우
∙He repented of having spent all his money.
= He repented that he had spent all his money.
∙I don't like (my) going to such a place.
∙He insists that he should attend the party.
= He insists on (upon) attending the party. (his를 생략)
⋆insist는 「주장하다」의 뜻이므로 that절에서는 반드시 should + VR을 쓰며,
접속사 that은 생략하고, on(upon)을 쓴 뒤 he는 본주어와 같으므로 attending을 씀.
⋆동명사 attending의 의미상 주어가 생략되었다는 것은 본주어와 같다는 뜻임.
2) 문장의 목적어가 의미상의 주어가 되는 경우
∙I punished him for being dishonest.
= I punished him because he was dishonest.
∙Would you mind me asking a few questions?
(my asking으로 하는 것이 원칙이지만 미국영어의 구어체에서는 me asking으로 하는
것이 일반화되어 있다.)
∙He doesn't like me going to such a place.
3) 일반적인 주어가 의미상 주어가 되는 경우
∙Wandering about aimlessly will be of no use.
= That you(we,they) wander about aimlessly will be of no use.
∙Teaching is learning.
∙Studying English is no easy task.
4) 소유격이 의미상의 주어가 되는 경우
⋆문장의 주어가 동명사의 의미상의 주어와 다를 때 쓰며, 동명사 앞에 명시한 소유격은
그 의미상의 주어이므로 번역할 때에는 ������∼이,∼가������로 된다.
⋆명사의 경우에는 's를 생략할 때도 있다.
∙I don't like your going to such a place.
∙I don't like my sister('s) going to such a place.
⋆동명사의 의미상 주어가 명사일 때는 소유격이나 목적격이 모두 가능하지만 소유격으로
쓰지 않는 게 보통이며, 의미상의 주어가 무생물이면 일반적으로 목적격을 사용한다.
∙He insisted on(upon) Tom('s) attending the party.
= He insisted that Tom should attend the party.
∙He insisted on my paying for bread.
= He insisted that I should pay for bread.
∙She had no doubt of her son('s) coming back to her.
∙Today being Sunday rather complicates matter.
(오늘이 일요일이기에 사건은 복잡하게 된다.)
6. 동명사의 시제
1) 형태
원형 동사 | 단순 동명사 | 단순 수동 동명사 | 완료형 동명사 | 완료형 수동 동명사 |
be | being | 없음 | having been | 없음(자동사이므로) |
write | writing | being written | having written | having been written |
make | making | being made | having made | having been made |
본동사의 시제와 동일 | 본동사보다 하나 더 과거시제 |
2) 단순형 동명사
⋆단순형 동명사는 그 시제가 본동사의 시제와 같은 경우와, 본동사보다 미래의 뜻을
나타낼 때가 있다.
∙He is ashamed of being poor.
= He is ashamed that he is poor.
∙He was ashamed of being poor.
= He was ashamed that he was poor.
∙I am sure of his passing the examination.
= I am sure that he will pass the examination.
∙I was sure of his passing the examination.
= I was sure that he would pass the examination.
∙I am sure of his being a man of ability.
= I am sure that he is a man of ability.
∙He is proud of being a poet. (단문)
= He is proud that he is a poet. (복문)
⋆미래동작을 의미하는 형용사, 동사, 명사 등의 다음에 오는 that절에 미래시제가 오고
본동사가 현재시제일지라도 단순동명사를 사용한다.
∙There is no hope of his succeeding.
→ There is no hope that he will succeed.
⋆remember, forget 등의 다음에는 완료형 동명사 대신 단순동명사를 사용하며,
remember 다음에 부정사가 오면 미래시제를 쓴다.
∙I remember that I saw her.
= I remember having seen her. (×)
= I remember seeing her. (○)
3) 완료형 동명사
⋆본동사의 시제보다 먼저인 과거의 때를 나타낸다.
∙I am sure of his having been a man of ability in his youth.
(나는 그가 젊었을 때는 유능한 사람이었다고 확신한다.)
= I am sure that he was a man of ability in his youth.
∙He is ashamed of having been poor.
= He is ashamed that he was(has been) poor.
∙He was ashamed of having been poor.
= He was ashamed that he had been poor.
4) 단순 수동 동명사
∙I don't like being asked to make a speech.
(나는 연설 부탁을 받는 것을 싫어한다.)
5) 완료 수동 동명사
∙I never heard of such a thing having been done.
(나는 그런 일이 이루어졌다고는 들어보지 못했다.)
= I never heard that such a thing had been done.
7. 동명사의 관용적 용법
1) There is no + ~ ing : ~을 할 수 없다.
∙There is no knowing what may happen.
= It is impossible to know what may happen.
= We cannot know what may happen.
(무슨 일이 일어날지 알 수 없다.)
∙There is no trusting him.
= It is impossible to trust him.
= We cannot trust him.
2) It is no use + ~ ing : ~해도 소용없다.
∙It is no use(good) crying over spilt milk.
= It is ������������ of no use ������������ to cry over spilt milk.
������������ useless ������������
= There is no use (in) crying over spilt milk.
= What is the use (the point) of crying over spilt milk?
3) of one's own + ~ ing : 자기가 직접 ~하는
∙This is a picture of my own painting.
which I have painted myself.
(which is) painted by myself. (p.p + by oneself)
4) It goes without saying that health is above wealth.
It is needless to say
It is a matter of course
It is not too much to say
= 건강이 부보다 중요하다는 것은 두말할 필요가 없다.
5) cannot help ~ing : ~하지 않을 수 없다.
cannot but + 동사원형: ~할 수밖에 없다.
∙I cannot help admiring his courage.
6) on + ~ ing, in + ~ ing
∙on + ~ ing = as soon as (when) + S + V :~하자마자. ~할 때.
in + ~ ing = when + S + V : ~할 때에는.
∙As soon as he received the letter he turned pale.
= On (his) receiving the letter, he turned pale.
= He had no sooner received the letter than he turned pale.
scarcely when
hardly before
= No sooner had he received the letter, than he turned pale.
Scarcely when
Hardly before
7) cannot too : 아무리 ~해도 지나치지 않다.
∙We cannot be too careful when we choose friends.
= We cannot be too careful in choosing friends.
8) What, Need + 능동동명사
∙What + 능동동명사 (○)
Need 수동동명사 (×)
Require 수동부정사 (○) → ~을 필요로 한다. ~을 해야한다.
∙His house needs being painted. (×)
wants painting. (○)
requites to be painted. (○)
9) be busy with + 명사.
(in) + ~ ing. : ~하는데 분주하다. 바쁘다.
∙I am busy with my task.
∙She was busy (in) tidying up his desk.
10) feel like + ~ ing.
feel inclined + to do : ~하고 싶은 생각이 나다.
∙I feel like sleeping now.
= I feel inclined to sleep now.
ware a mind to
am disposed to
11) What do you say to + ~ ing? : ~하는 게 어때?
∙Let's play baseball after lunch, shall we?
= How about ������������ playing baseball after lunch?
What about ������������
= What do you say to playing baseball after lunch.
= What do you think about playing baseball after lunch.
12) be on the point of + ~ ing : ~하려는 찰라다, 막 ~하려고 하다.
∙He was on the point of being drowned.
on the verge of
on the brink of
on the edge of
= He was about to be drowned.
13) cannot ~ without … ing : …않고 ~하는 일을 없다.
cannot ~ but …(S+V) : …하면 반드시 ~하다.
∙Whenever I met him, I think of his brother.
= I never meet him without thinking of his brother.
= I never meet him but I think of his brother.
= 그를 만날 때마다 그의 동생이 생각나다.
14) be worth ~ing
= be worth while + 동명사, 부정사
= be worthy of + 동명사, 명사
= ~할만한 가치가 있다.
∙This is worth while to read this book.
= It is worth while to read this book.
15) make a point of + ~ ing : ~을 규칙으로 하다.
∙I make a point of getting up early.
= I am in the habit of getting up early.
= It is my rule to get up early.
= I make it a rule to get up early.
16) come near + ~ ing.
go near + ~ ing.
nearly escape + ~ ing. : 하마터면 ~할 뻔하다.
∙He came near being drowned.
17) not A but B = instead of + ~ ing = not only A but also B
= besides + ~ ing
= in addition to
∙She is not shy, but unsocial.
= Instead of being shy, she is unsocial.
∙He is not only brave, but also wise.
= Besides being brave he is wise.
18) be opposed to
object to + ~ ing : ~을 반대하다.
have an objection to
∙I am very much opposed to going there.
∙Have you any objection to my wearing this suit?
19) contribute to + ~ ing : ~에 공헌하다. 기여하다.
∙He contributed to the growth of the city.
20) turn one's attention to + ~ ing (명사) : ~에 주의를 돌리다, ~에 관심을 갖다.
∙He did not turn his attention to making a fortune until he was forty.
(그는 40이 되고나서야 재산 모으는데 관심을 가졌다.)
21) with a view to + ~ ing : ~하기 위하여. (for the purpose)
∙I study English with a view to going abroad.
22) be equal to + ~ ing : ~할 능력이 있다.
∙I am equal to doing the task.
23) revote ������������ A to B (동명사)
dedicate ������������ : A를 B에 바치다.
∙He devoted all his time to studying history.
24) be use to + ~ ing.
be accustomed to + 동사원형(동명사) : ~에 익숙하다.
∙I am used to playing the piano.
= I am accustomed to playing (또는 play) the piano.
25) what do you say to + ~ ing : ~하는 게 어때?
∙What do you say to playing tennis with me?
26) take to + ~ ing : ~에 빠지다, 정이 들다.
∙He took to writing after he retired from the college.
27) look forward to + ~ ing : ~을 기대하다, 고대하다.
∙I am looking forward to seeing you again.
28) fall to + ~ ing = begin to + 동사원형 : ~을 시작하다.
∙They fell to discussing the serious problem.
8. 동명사 구문의 문장 전환
1) insist that + 주어 + 동사 = insist on + ~ ing: ~을 주장하다.
∙I insisted he should be invited to the party.
= I insisted on his being invited to the party.
2) decide that + 주어 + 동사 = decide on + ~ ing: ~하기로 결정하다
∙My father decided that I should marry her.
= My father decided on my marrying her.
3) hear, think, complain, know, dream + that + 주어 + 동사
= hear, think, complain, know, dream + of + ~ ing
∙I am glad to hear that you have succeeded.
= I am glad to hear of your having succeeded.
4) repent that + 주어 + 동사 = repent + (of) + ~ ing.
∙He repents that he was idle in his youth.
= He repents (of) having been idle in his youth.
5) suggest, deny, regret, like + that + 주어 + 동사
= suggest, deny, regret, like + ~ ing. (타동사이므로 전치사×)
∙I suggested that we should play tennis.
= I suggested our playing tennis.
6) be sorry that + 주어 + 동사 = be sorry for + ~ ing :~에 대해 유감이다.
(미안, 감사, 벌, 꾸중 등을 나타낼 땐 이유전치사 for를 사용)
∙I am sorry that I offended you.
= I am sorry for having offended you.
7) scold, blame A for B : B 때문에 A를 꾸짖다. 나무라다.
∙He scolded me that I had neglected my duty.
= He scolded me for having neglected my duty.
8) punish A for B: B 때문에 A를 벌주다.
9) be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be glad (proud, afraid, ashamed, ignorant) + of + ~ ing
∙I am glad that my brother passed the exam.
= I am glad of my brother having passed the exam.
10) be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be sure (certain, convinced, confident) + of + ~ ing : ~을 확신하다.
∙I am sure that he will live to eight.
= I am sure of his living to eighty.
11) be aware (conscious) + that + 주어 + 동사
= be aware (conscious) + of + ~ ing : ~을 알다.
∙He was conscious that the matter was important.
= He was conscious of the matter being important.
9. 동격명사절의 문장전환
⋆주로 동격 명사절을 이끄는 문장.
∙fact(사실), doubt(의심), evidence(증거), chance(기회), report(보고), rumor(소문),
proof(증거), hope(희망), news(소식), idea(생각), certainty(확실), suggestion(제안),
possibility = probability = likelihood(가능성, 가망), conclusion(결론)
∙The fact that he is honest is known to everybody.
= The fact of his being honest is known to everybody.
his honesty
⋆동격명사절인 that~는 주어나 목적어, 보어 등이 생략되지 않은 완전한 문장이어야 한다.
10. 풀어 볼 문제...
① 각 문장의 틀린 부분을 고쳐라.
ⓐ He insisted to go for a drive.
ⓑ The rain prevented me to go to the party.
ⓒ Are you sure of he will come?
ⓓ No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.
ⓔ Exercise strengthens instead of weakens the body.
ⓕ She came near to be drowned.
ⓖ I objected to be treated like that.
ⓗ I don't care running the risk.
ⓘ She devoted herself to look after him.
ⓙ You will have to speak a little louder. He is hard to hear.
ⓚ He is above to do such a mean thing.
ⓛ He regrets being not able to help me.
② 다음 각 문항의 뜻의 차이를 말하여라.
ⓐ I hate lying.
I hate to lie.
ⓑ I like swimming.
I like to swim now.
ⓒ He is sure of success.
He is sure of to succeed.
③ 공란을 적당한 단어로 채워라
ⓐ This picture is ( ) her own painting.
ⓑ This book is ( ) reading intensively.
ⓒ The glass is very brittle; It wants ( ) with care.
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